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・ Phoebetria
・ Phoebidas
・ Phoebis
・ Phoebis agarithe
・ Phoebis argante
・ Phoebis avellaneda
・ Phoebis neocypris
・ Phoebis philea
・ Phoebis sennae
・ Phoebophilus
・ Phoebus (disambiguation)
・ Phoebus (lichen)
・ Phoebus (songwriter)
・ Phoebus Apollo
・ Phoebus Apollo Aviation
Phoebus cartel
・ Phoebus Dhrymes
・ Phoebus Film
・ Phoebus group
・ Phoebus High School
・ Phoebus Levene
・ Phoebus Levin
・ Phoebus of Lusignan
・ Phoebus, Virginia
・ Phoef Sutton
・ Phoemela Baranda
・ Phoenicaulis
・ Phoenice
・ Phoenice (Roman province)
・ Phoenicia


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Phoebus cartel : ウィキペディア英語版
Phoebus cartel

The Phoebus cartel was a cartel of, among others, Osram, Philips, and General Electric〔Metze, Marcel "Anton Philips (1874-1951). They will know who they're dealing with", Uitgeverij Balans, Amsterdam, 2004, ISBN 90 5018 612 2 ((Summary) ).〕 from December 23, 1924 until 1939 that existed to control the manufacture and sale of light bulbs.
The cartel is an important step in the history of the global economy because it engaged in large-scale planned obsolescence. It reduced competition in the light bulb industry for almost twenty years, and has been accused of preventing technological advances that would have produced longer-lasting light bulbs. Phoebus was a Swiss corporation named "Phoebus S.A. Compagnie Industrielle pour le Développement de l'Éclairage".
==Members==
Osram, Philips, Tungsram, Associated Electrical Industries, ELIN, Compagnie des Lampes, International General Electric, and the GE Overseas Group were members of the Phoebus cartel, holding shares in the Swiss corporation proportional to their lamp sales.
In 1921 a precursor organisation was founded by Osram, the "Internationale Glühlampen Preisvereinigung". When Philips and other manufacturers were entering the American market, General Electric reacted by setting up the "International General Electric Company" in Paris. Both organisations co-ordinated the trading of patents and market penetration. Increasing international competition led to negotiations between all the major companies to control and restrict their respective activities in order not to interfere in each other's spheres.

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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